ABSTRACT
La enfermedad de von Willebrand tipo plaquetario (PT-VWD) y tipo 2B (2B-VWD) son trastornos hemorrágicos raros, caracterizados por agregación plaquetaria a bajas concentraciones de ristocetina (RIPA). El diagnóstico diferencial no es fácil y representa un desafío. Hasta el presente, sólo se habían reportado cinco mutaciones en el gen GP1BA relacionadas con este desorden. Describimos aquí la sexta mutación relacionada con PT-VWD, en un paciente con sintomatología hemorrágica severa, macro-trombocitopenia, leve agregación plaquetaria espontánea, RIPA positivo a 0,3 y 0,4 mg/mL, VWF:RCo/VWF: Ag<0,2 y estudios discriminatorios positivos para PT-VWD. VWFpp/VWF: Ag resultó normal a diferencia del 2B-VWD que en algunas oportunidades resulta afectado. El exón 28 del gen VWF del paciente y su madre no reveló mutaciones. Identificamos una sustitución G>T en el nucleótido 3805 en el gen GP1BA del paciente, resultando en un cambio de Trp a Leu en el residuo 246 (p.W246L), en la región de la GPIBa que une al VWF. Esta mutación no se identificó en su madre ni en 100 controles sanos. Es considerada como dañina por análisis in sílico. Consideramos que esta sustitución es responsable del fenotipo PT-VWD del paciente. Dada la ausencia de la misma en los 100 normales estudiados, no se considera un polimorfismo
Platelet-type von Willebrand disease (PT-VWD) and type 2B von Willebrand disease (2B-VWD) are rare bleeding disorders characterized by increased ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation (RIPA) at low concentrations. Diagnosis of either condition is not easy and the differential diagnosis is especially challenging. Five mutations in the GP1BA gene related to PT-VWD and near 50 patients are currently reported worldwide. We herein describe a patient with severe bleeding symptoms, macro thrombocytopenia, mild spontaneous platelet aggregation, positive RIPA at 0.3 and 0.4 mg/mL, VWF: RCo/VWF: Ag <0.2, normal VWFpp/VWF: Ag ratio, and RIPA mixing tests and cryoprecipitate challenge positive for PT-VWD. GP1BA gene was studied in the patient, his mother, and 100 healthy control subjects. We identified a substitution G>T at nucleotide 3805 in the patient's GP1BA gene, resulting in a Trp to Leu amino acid change at residue 246 (p.W246L), within the VWF binding region. This mutation was absent in his unaffected mother and also in the 100 controls, and was predicted as damaging by in silico analysis. The residue is located in a strongly conserved position in the phylogenetic tree. These findings argue in favor of considering this substitution does not represent a polymorphism, and is therefore responsible for the PT-VWD phenotype of the patient
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , von Willebrand Diseases/genetics , Platelet Glycoprotein GPIb-IX Complex/genetics , Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics , Mutation, Missense , von Willebrand Diseases/blood , DNA Mutational Analysis , Family Health , Amino Acid SequenceABSTRACT
The von Willebrand factor cleaving protease (VWFCP) modulates the von Willebrand factor (VWF) multimeric size in normal plasma. VWFCP activity levels are decreased in different physiological and pathologic situations. Different techniques have been developed to unfold the purified VWF (perfusion at high shear rate, dialysis against urea in nitrocellulose filters), to detect the VWFCP activity on it (multimeric analysis of VWF, collagen binding to VWF assay) and to use the patient plasma both as the source of the enzyme and substrate. In this paper we compared the above mentioned methods with new ones: normal plasma dialyzed on membranes instead of purified VWF, dialysis of the samples against urea in tubing instead of nitrocellulose filters, and sonicated plasma to remove the endogenous VWF. The perfusion assay and detection by multimeric analysis showed a limit of detection (25%) of VWFCP activity. Dialysis against urea in both supports and detection by multimeric analysis, showed a better limit of detection (3%), but the recovery of the samples was not as efficient in nitrocellulose filters as it was in tubing. The detection by collagen binding to VWF has more advantages because it allows to analyze more samples than the multimeric analysis does in the same assay. The dialysis of plasma by membranes to obtain the source of exogenous VWF requires no complex equipment. The method, which uses patient plasma as the source of the enzyme and substrate, was inapplicable in our experience because the values could not be interpolated in the reference curve
Subject(s)
Humans , Metalloendopeptidases , Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic , von Willebrand Factor , Collagen , Dialysis , Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome/metabolism , Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome/physiopathology , Metalloendopeptidases , Plasma , Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic , von Willebrand FactorABSTRACT
Los hemofílicos pueden desarrollar en forma concomitante inhibidor lúpico (LA) e inhibidor neutralizante anti-factor VIII (a-fVIII). El diagnóstico diferencial es complejo ya que el LA interfiere en la identificación de los a-fVIII. A fin de detectar a-fVIII sin interferencia de LA, desarrollamos un ELISA utilizando fVIII recombinante libre de fosfolípidos como antígeno con la muestra y revelamos la IgG unidad mediante un anticuerpo anti-IgG humana-fosfatasa. El sistema permitió detectar un anticuerpo monoclonal a-fVIII al ser revelado con el antisuero anti-IgG ratón. Como control inespecífico se utlizaron anticuerpos monoclonales anti-GPIIIa y anti-factor von Willebrand. Para evaluar la utilidad del ELISA, se analizaron plasmas de pacientes hemofílicos con a-fVIII, con o sin LA y hemofílicos sin inhibidor. Como controles negativos se incluyeron plasmas con LA y normales. Los plasmas de hemofílicos con a-fVIII dieron valores de absorbancia >X Normalñ3DE; algunos plasmas hemofílicos sin inhibidor también mostraron absorbancias superiores al normal, aunque inferiores a las observadas para a-fVIII. Las lecturas de los controles no fueron significativas. No observamos interferencias por la presencia de LA. El ELISA a-fVIII sería un elemento diagnóstico complementario, al permitir evidenciar anticuerpos capaces de unirse al fVIII, aún en plasmas LA.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Blood Coagulation Factor Inhibitors , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Factor VIII , Hemophilia A , Antibodies, Monoclonal , Diagnosis, DifferentialABSTRACT
The perfusion of serum, citrated whole blood and citrated plasma, through a simple tube system resulted in a significant loss of large von Willebrand factor (vWf) multimers, without decrease in antigen levels. Maximum loss of large multimers was observed at a shear rate of 15,000 s(-1) for 15 min. Heparin, aprotinin, soybean trypsin inhibitor, phenylmethylsulphonylfluoride, N-ethylmaleimide, leupeptin or calpain inhibitor peptide could not prevent the loss of large vWf multimers in citrated plasma. The addition of EDTA calcium salt partially prevented it, and it was totally prevented by EDTA without calcium. Perfusion of purified vWf did not induce the loss of large multimers, but this did happen after the addition of either whole serum or a plasma fraction. The activity of this plasma fraction disappeared at pH < 6.8. Besides, we have found that the binding to subendothelium of purified vWf diluted in dialized serum was lower at pH 7.2 than at pH 6.0. Chromatographic studies demonstrated that the loss of large vWf multimers, induced by high shear rates, involves a plasma substance(s) of molecular weight larger than 200 kD; calpain and granulocyte or cysteine proteases do not seem to be this plasma substance(s).